Below is an overview of the main measures taken by the Conte 1, Conte 2, Draghi, and Meloni governments in Italy, focusing on key policies in areas like the economy, social welfare, public health, and governance.

Conte 1 Government (June 2018 – September 2019)

(Coalition between the Five Star Movement (M5S) and Lega Nord)

  1. Decree on "Dignity" (Decreto Dignità, 2018)

    • Aimed at reducing precarious labor and limiting the abuse of short-term contracts.
    • Included measures like reducing the length of fixed-term contracts and restricting the use of temporary agency workers.
    • Tightened rules around advertising for gambling to combat addiction.

  2. Reddito di Cittadinanza (Citizenship Income, 2019)

    • A flagship policy of the M5S, this was introduced to combat poverty and unemployment.
    • Provided a minimum income for people in financial need, with a requirement to either seek employment or engage in social work.

  3. Quota 100 (2019)

    • A reform of the pension system that allowed individuals to retire earlier if the sum of their age and years of contributions reached 100 (e.g., 62 years old with 38 years of contributions).
    • Aimed at reducing youth unemployment by allowing older workers to retire earlier.

  4. Revocation of Autostrade Concessions (2019)

    • Following the collapse of the Morandi Bridge in Genoa, the government pursued the revocation of the highway concessions held by the Benetton family’s company, Autostrade per l’Italia.
    • Although the decision was highly symbolic, it sparked legal disputes and was not fully implemented during this period.

  5. Increase in Social Spending

    • Increase in funds for social measures like universal child benefits, and public support for families.

  6. Immigration and Security Laws

    • The Security Decrees (Decreti Sicurezza) were introduced by Minister Matteo Salvini (Lega), with the aim of tightening immigration policies.
    • Reduced the ability of migrants to access asylum and limited the number of humanitarian protections.

Conte 2 Government (September 2019 – February 2021)

(Coalition between M5S, Partito Democratico (PD), LeU, Italia Viva, and others)

  1. COVID-19 Response

    • Lockdowns and Health Measures: Imposed strict lockdowns and social distancing measures to limit the spread of COVID-19.
    • Economic Support Packages: Introduced a variety of financial relief measures, including Cassa Integrazione (wage subsidies) for employees and fiscal aid for struggling businesses.
    • Bonus 600 Euros: Emergency income support for self-employed individuals, freelancers, and other workers who were financially impacted by the pandemic.

  2. Decreto Rilancio (2020)

    • Introduced a comprehensive recovery plan to support the economy, which included:
      • Superbonus 110%: Tax deductions of up to 110% for energy-efficient renovations and seismic improvements in homes, a major incentive to boost the construction sector and reduce Italy's carbon footprint.
      • Tax breaks for businesses investing in digital and environmental transitions.
      • Extension of the Cassa Integrazione program and other measures to support workers.

  3. Piano Nazionale di Ripresa e Resilienza (PNRR)

    • The government began preparations for the PNRR, Italy's national recovery plan for EU funds under the NextGenerationEU program.
    • Focused on digital transformation, green energy, and public infrastructure.

  4. Support for Families and Businesses

    • Increased public spending on social welfare programs.
    • Introduced guaranteed loans and fiscal relief for businesses affected by the pandemic, including the hospitality and tourism sectors.

  5. European Recovery Fund

    • Negotiated with the EU to secure a substantial share of EU recovery funds for Italy, marking the beginning of long-term investment in Italy's modernization and recovery.

  6. Vaccination Campaign

    • The government led the national campaign to distribute COVID-19 vaccines to the population, coordinating efforts with regional authorities and the EU to secure vaccine supplies.

Draghi Government (February 2021 – October 2022)

(Technocratic government supported by a wide range of political parties)

  1. Continuation of PNRR Implementation

    • Mario Draghi's government prioritized the implementation of the PNRR, advancing Italy’s digital, ecological, and social reforms, and ensuring the effective use of EU recovery funds.

  2. Further Economic Stimulus for COVID Recovery

    • The Decreto Sostegni bis (2021) and Decreto Aiuti (2022) were introduced to support businesses and families struggling after the pandemic.
    • Direct financial support for businesses, workers, and vulnerable populations, including unemployment benefits, tax reductions, and fuel subsidies.

  3. Pension Reform and Labor Market Policies

    • While Draghi's government did not make major pension reforms, it made changes to the Quota 100 system, gradually shifting toward the Quota 102 scheme (retirement age 64 with 38 years of contributions).

  4. Environmental and Energy Measures

    • The government pushed forward on green transition projects, including renewable energy investments and electric mobility.
    • Faced with rising energy costs, Draghi's government introduced measures to mitigate energy price hikes and increase Italy’s energy independence.

  5. EU and Foreign Policy

    • Draghi strengthened Italy's role in the EU and NATO, particularly in response to the Russia-Ukraine war.
    • Italy was an active participant in sanctioning Russia and supporting Ukraine, both politically and through humanitarian aid.

  6. COVID Recovery and Vaccination

    • Continued the vaccination campaign, focusing on booster shots and trying to encourage vaccination uptake in the population.
    • Introduced the Green Pass (EU Digital COVID Certificate) to facilitate travel and public activities.

  7. Tax Reforms and Simplification

    • Advanced the tax reform plan, aiming at simplifying Italy's tax code, reducing the tax burden on businesses, and improving tax compliance.

Meloni Government (October 2022 – Present)

(Coalition between Fratelli d'Italia (FDI), Lega Nord, and Forza Italia)

  1. Energy Crisis Response

    • The Meloni government focused on managing the energy crisis exacerbated by the war in Ukraine, introducing measures to cap energy prices, and providing targeted subsidies to families and businesses.
    • There have been attempts to diversify energy sources, such as expanding renewable energy capacity.

  2. Social Welfare and Family Policies

    • Aimed at supporting families with measures like child allowances and tax deductions for families with children.
    • The government is focused on promoting pro-natalist policies to address Italy’s demographic challenges.

  3. Tax Reduction and Fiscal Reform

    • The government has been working on tax cuts, particularly for middle-income earners, as part of a broader tax reform plan that includes flattening the tax system to make it simpler and more efficient.

  4. Immigration Policies

    • Continued the tough stance on immigration, aiming to reduce illegal immigration and focusing on stricter border controls.
    • The government has also sought to implement more stringent policies on asylum seekers and boat arrivals from North Africa.

  5. Support for Ukraine and NATO

    • Meloni's government has continued Italy’s strong support for Ukraine, both in terms of military aid and diplomatic backing within the EU and NATO.
    • It has affirmed Italy’s commitment to NATO and the Western bloc, despite occasional criticism from more eurosceptic factions.

  6. Pension Reform

    • The government is focusing on a pension reform that addresses long-term sustainability without radically altering the pension system. Some reforms are focused on easing the requirements for early retirement for specific categories.

  7. National Security and Law and Order

    • Meloni’s government has been emphasizing law and order, focusing on enhancing security and tackling organized crime. This includes proposals to increase police presence in certain regions and strengthen penalties for various crimes.

Conclusion

Each government in Italy has faced different challenges, from economic crises to the COVID-19 pandemic, and each has implemented significant reforms and measures to address these issues:

  • Conte 1 and Conte 2 focused on social welfare, pension reforms, and managing the pandemic.
  • Draghi's technocratic government focused on implementing the PNRR, economic recovery, and navigating the geopolitical tensions of the Russia-Ukraine war.
  • Meloni's government is tackling issues like energy security, tax reform, family policies, and immigration, all while navigating Italy’s position in the EU and NATO.

 

why is meloni's government praised and criticised?
Giorgia Meloni's government in Italy has received both praise and criticism for various aspects of its leadership and policies. As the first female prime minister of Italy and leader of the right-wing party Fratelli d'Italia (Brothers of Italy), Meloni has been a polarizing figure on the national and international stage. Here’s a breakdown of the key reasons behind both praise and criticism:

Reasons for Praise:

  1. Strong Leadership and Nationalism:

    • Patriotism and Italian Identity: Meloni has positioned herself as a defender of Italian sovereignty and national pride. She promotes traditional values, national unity, and a strong Italian identity, which resonates with many Italians, especially in times of economic or social challenges.
    • Firm Stance on Immigration: Meloni has adopted a strict approach to immigration, advocating for policies that prioritize the control of illegal immigration. This has earned her support among voters concerned about migration, particularly in southern Italy and among those who favor stronger border security.

  2. Economic Policies:

    • Support for Small Businesses: Meloni has been praised by some for focusing on pro-business and pro-entrepreneurship policies. Her government aims to reduce bureaucracy and taxes for small businesses, which can be particularly beneficial in a country like Italy, where small and medium-sized enterprises play a significant role in the economy.
    • Fiscal Responsibility: She has emphasized the importance of reducing Italy’s high public debt, a point that has earned praise from the European Union and international financial institutions. Her commitment to fiscal responsibility has been seen as a sign of stability.

  3. International Relations:

    • Strong Support for NATO and the EU: Meloni has largely maintained Italy's commitment to NATO and the European Union, signaling continuity in Italy’s foreign policy despite her far-right origins. Her government has been a reliable partner in the EU on key issues like the war in Ukraine, advocating for supporting Ukraine against Russian aggression.
    • Alignment with Conservative European Leaders: Meloni has developed ties with other conservative leaders in Europe, such as Hungary's Viktor Orbán and Poland's Jarosław Kaczyński. This alliance is seen by some as a force for strengthening European conservative values, especially on issues like immigration and sovereignty.

Reasons for Criticism:

  1. Authoritarian Tendencies and Far-Right Associations:

    • Fears of Nationalism and Extremism: Critics argue that Meloni’s government has authoritarian tendencies, particularly regarding her rhetoric and the influence of her far-right party. Her party’s roots in Italy's post-fascist movement have led some to view her leadership with suspicion, raising concerns about the erosion of democratic norms and the rise of nationalism.
    • Concerns About Civil Liberties: Her critics argue that her policies and rhetoric sometimes undermine civil liberties, especially in relation to LGBTQ+ rights, immigration, and free speech. Some believe her government is undermining Italy’s secular and inclusive values.

  2. Economic Inequality and Social Issues:

    • Ineffective Economic Measures: While her government has proposed tax cuts and other economic reforms, critics argue that her policies disproportionately benefit the wealthy and do little to address the deep economic inequalities in Italy. Italy’s youth unemployment rate, high public debt, and challenges with economic growth are ongoing issues that her administration has struggled to fully address.
    • Welfare Cuts: Meloni has faced criticism for not doing enough to protect Italy’s vulnerable populations, particularly in terms of social welfare policies. Some argue that her government’s economic agenda primarily serves business interests at the expense of social welfare, pensioners, and marginalized groups.

  3. Immigration Policies and Human Rights Concerns:

    • Tough Stance on Migrants: Meloni’s hardline policies on immigration, including attempts to limit asylum seekers and reduce migrant arrivals by sea, have drawn condemnation from human rights organizations. Critics argue that her approach often criminalizes migrants and refugees and undermines Italy’s obligations under international law.
    • Anti-Migrant Rhetoric: Her rhetoric on immigration has sometimes been described as xenophobic and divisive. While Meloni defends her stance as a necessary measure to protect Italy, it has sparked tensions within Italian society and across the European Union, especially when it comes to migrants crossing the Mediterranean.

  4. Social Conservatism and Gender Issues:

    • Limited Progress on Women’s Rights: As the first female prime minister of Italy, Meloni’s rise to power was historic, but her social policies have faced criticism from feminists and progressives. While she has championed "family values," her government has been accused of undermining women's rights, particularly in areas like abortion access, gender equality, and LGBTQ+ rights. Critics argue that her conservative views on gender roles are regressive and hinder social progress.

  5. Challenges in Governing a Fragmented Coalition:

    • Internal Coalition Tensions: Meloni leads a right-wing coalition that includes the League (Lega) and Forza Italia, two parties with their own agendas. Critics argue that managing such a diverse coalition has led to contradictions and inefficiencies in policy implementation. Tensions between coalition partners, especially with Matteo Salvini’s League, have sometimes made it difficult for the government to act cohesively.
    • Opposition's Fragmentation: The opposition parties in Italy are also divided and fragmented, which makes it harder for them to offer a unified challenge. However, this division also allows Meloni’s government to consolidate power and push through controversial policies, which some critics argue undermines the effectiveness of the democratic opposition.

Conclusion:

Meloni’s government is a blend of strong leadership and nationalist rhetoric, economic reforms, and controversial social policies. While her emphasis on Italy's sovereignty and traditional values has won her support, particularly among conservative and right-wing voters, her policies have raised concerns over authoritarianism, social conservatism, and the treatment of minorities and migrants. As her government continues to navigate these issues, Italy’s political landscape remains deeply divided, with strong opinions both for and against her leadership.

 

 

Results in 2018 and 2022 political elections in Italy

 

 

Partito/Coalizione

Voti 2018 Camera (%)

Voti 2018 Senato (%)

Seggi 2018 Camera

Seggi 2018 Senato

Voti 2022 Camera (%)

Voti 2022 Senato (%)

Seggi 2022 Camera

Seggi 2022 Senato

Fratelli d'Italia (FdI)

4,3%

4,3%

19

7

26%

26%

119

66

Lega (L)

17,4%

17,6%

73

37

8,8%

8,9%

67

29

Partito Democratico (PD)

 

18,7%

 

 

19,1%

118

59

19,1

19

69

40

Movimento 5 Stelle (M5S)

32,7%

32,2%

223

112

15,4

15,6

52

28

Forza Italia (FI)

14%

14,4%

59

33

8,1%

8,3%

44

18

Alleanza Verdi e Sinistra

-

-

-

-

3,6

3,5

12

4

Azione + Italia Viva

-

-

-

-

7,8

7,7

21

9

Più Europa

2,5%

2,4%

 

 

2,8%

2,9

2

-

Liberi e uguali

3,4%

3,3%

14

4

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

355/630 56,3% (5stelle + PD+LEU)

175/315 55,6% (5stelle + PD+LEU)

42,8%

45,9%

43,2%

45,8%

237/400 59,5%

115/200

57,7%

 

 

Souces: https://www.nomoscsp.com/gli-speciali-elettorali/elezioni-politiche-2022-gli-eletti-alla-camera-e-al-senato.html

https://www.avvenire.it/attualita/pagine/assegnati-i-seggi-del-nuovo-parlamento

https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elezioni_politiche_in_Italia_del_2022